8.0     IR 4.0 MALAYSIA

• Initiatives to ensure all higher education institutions will be relevant and remain competitive in the dawning of Industry 4.0.
• Higher Education Minister Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh stressed to realise this, first, the process of teaching and learning has to be changed. Under Learning and Teaching 4.0, there are four aspects which should be put into paramount.
• First, the learning spaces should be redesigned. (eg : lecturer halls with multi-tiered collaborative tables and the use of smart board).
• Second, different kinds of pedagodies are needed, which are heutagogy (self-determined learning), paragogy (peer-oriented learning) and cybergogy (virtual-based learning).
• Third, curriculum had to be fluid and organic. Idris announced that as of 2018, up to 30 per cent of all university programmes will adopt this concept, enabling them to respond to innovations and new areas of knowledge without being bound by traditional rigid curriculum practices.
• And fourth, all of the aforementioned should incorporate the latest learning and teaching technologies.
• Idris also urged for lessons to integrate ‘learning without lectures’ concept, of which classes need not be conducted through lectures.
• Another concept, called ‘evaluation without examinations’, highlights on how assessments need not be based solely on exams.

NST 10 AUGUST 2017

• To compete successfully, companies not only need to align themselves towards the same direction by adopting automation, robotics and other  smart technologies, but also close the skills gap by retaining their workforce and tapping the pool of digital talent.

Berita Harian 11 JUNE 2017

• Video conferencing were mentioned.

References:

1) http://news.mohe.gov.my/2018/01/27/2018-mandate-embracing-industry-4-0/

2) https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/new-straits-times/20170810/281539406053155

3) https://www.bharian.com.my/node/291781

7.0     STORING & PRESENTING KNOWLEDGE

1. Data warehouses
2. Visualisation

1)     Data warehouses

• Relational database was proposed by Edgar Codd (of IBM Research) around 1969. It has since become the dominant database model for commercial applications (in comparison with other database models such as hierarchical, network and object models). Today, there are many commercial Relational Database Management System (RDBMS), such as Oracle, IBM DB2 and Microsoft SQL Server. There are also many free and open-source RDBMS, such as MySQL, mSQL (mini-SQL) and the embedded JavaDB (Apache Derby).

2)     Visualisation

• Emerging technology which allows user to understand the complexity information through the use of rich computer graphics.
• Invaluable tool for visualising analysis from data mining and information-retrieval techniques.

6.0     SHARING KNOWLEDGE

1. Internet, Intranets and Extranet
2. Security of Intranets
3. Text-based Conferencing
4. Web 2.0 Platform
5. Conversational Media: Blogs
6. Syndication and RSS Feeds
7. Mashups
8. Wikis
9. Online Social Networks
10. 3-D Virtual Worlds
11. Groupware Tools
12. Videoconferencing
13. Skills Directories: Expertise Yellow Pages
14. E-Learning

1)     Internet, Intranets and Extranet

• Networks were configured either as LANs or WANs.
• Common System or Protocol was called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
• IP breaks any data or information into sizeable packets of information when they reach destination.
• Each computer has unique IP address in order for each packet of information to know its sender’s and destination address.
• Basic document on the web page is a page with its own particular location (URL)
• XML (extensible mark-up language) complement HTML (hypertext mark-up language).
• Intranet a network that exist exclusively within an organisation and is based on internet technology.
• An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information accessible from an organization's intranet.

2)     Security intranets

• “Firewall” technologies to prevent intruders from gaining access to their sensitive organisational information.

3)     Text-based conferencing

• Usenet newsgroup are worldwide discussion forums on a multitude of topics where discussions take place on an electronic bulletin board, with individuals posting messages for other to read.
• Discussion cab subscribed too.
• Various type of chat groups based on theme, topic areas.
• WowBB, Invision Power Board & vBulletin.

4)     Web 2.0 platform

• The second stage of development of the Internet, characterized especially by the change from static web pages to dynamic/interactive or user-generated content and the growth of social media.

5)     Conversational Media: blogs

• Blog, short for ‘web log’, a website for adding an invidiual thoughts, commentary or a diary events.

6)     Syndication and RSS(Really Simple Syndication) Feeds

• Using RSS (Really Simple Syndication) allows you to see when sites from all over the internet have added new content. You can get the latest headlines and articles (or even audio files, photographs or video) in one place, as soon as they are published, without having to remember to visit each site every day.

7)     Mashups

• A web mashup is a web application that takes information from one or more sources and presents it in a new way or with a unique layout.

8)     Wikis

• A website or database developed collaboratively by a community of users, allowing any user to add and edit content.

9)     Online social network

• Internet communities where individuals can interact with others in the community through profiles, which represent their public persona and networks of connections.

10)     3-D virtual worlds

• Interact with others under you own avatar through virtual worlds in real time.

         - Second Life
         - VRchat

11)     Groupware tools

• Groupware software like Lotus Notes / Domino, Microsoft Exchange, Groupwise and others are products of that is very suitable for developing applications of people to work together as a teamwork such as in office environment and others in order to increase productivity and quality in term of services and so on.

12)     Video conferencing

• A video conference is a live, visual connection between two or more people residing in separate locations for the purpose of communication.

13)     Skill Directories: Expertise Yellow Pages

• Expertise-Locator Systems are knowledge repositories that attempt to organize knowledge by identifying experts who possess specific knowledge. Expertise locator systems are also known as expert directories, expertise directories, skill directories, skills catalogs, white pages or yellow pages.

14)     E-learning

• In which learning conducted via electronic media, typically on the Internet.

         - Mentoring

         - Chat forums

         - Expert-led discussions

         - Web seminars

         - Online Meetings

         - Virtual Classroom Sessions

5.0     EVALUATING KNOWLEDGE

5.1     Case-based reasoning (CBR)

• Capture and store past experiences as organisational knowledge.
• System searches for stored cases with similar profile to new problem.
• Adds unsuccessful cases to aid learning.
• Built on artificial intelligence technology.

5.2     Online analytical processing (OLAP)

• Provides multidimensional analysis of data to allow user to see data in different ways using multiple dimensions.
• Main technique is to rotate a data cube.
• Also called ‘slice and dice’.

5.3      Knowledge discovery in databases - data mining

• Uses variety of neural network, decision trees and genetic modeling algorithms.
• Use sophisticated data search capabilities using algorithms to discover patterns and correlations in vast amounts of data.

4.0     CAPTURING KNOWLEDGE TOOLS

4.1     Cognitive mapping tools

• Used principally in mapping strategic knowledge.
• Use ‘oval mapping’ technique in groups.
• Develop concepts, links and clusters.
• Decision Explorer’ – can develop complex levels of analysis.

4.2     Information-retrieval tools

Figure 7.8 Indexing a text database

• There are two processes involved in information retrieval:-

1) The creation of an index that enables the location of a text & document structure.

2) Solving a user's information needs in the form of a query through algorithms & ranking the results in some form of relevance to the user.

• Text processing:-

1) Lexical analysis to identify words from characters.

2) Eliminating stopwords occurring frequently.

3) Stemming e.g. Connect is stem for connected, connecting, and connections.

4) Full text indexing.

5) Thesaurus index terms synonyms and near synonyms.

6) Text compression to cope with information overload.

• Search engine:-

Figure 7.10 Search engine: Crawler-indexer architecture

1) Centralised crawler-indexer architecture. Crawlers (software agents) traverse web sending back pages for indexing. Indexer – deals with query from user and new information from crawler.

2) Decentralised gatherers-brokers architecture. Gatherers collect and extract indexing info. from lots of servers. Brokers provide indexing and query interface.

3) Metasearchers are Web servers that send query to several search engines.
4) Most common query on the Web is 2.3 words.

• Personalisation

1) Device provides needs and wants of consumer.

2) Solution lies in data mining in terms of analysing user’s clickstream and making recommendations.

        3) Use of agents and machine learning.

ORGANISING KNOWLEDGE TOOLS

3.0     ORGANISING KNOWLEDGE TOOLS

Figure 7.2 Different forms of knowledge

• Figure 7.2 shows that knowledge can come in a variety of forms which are structured, semi-structured or unstructured.
• The knowledge needs to be organised by gathering the knowledge & grouped, index or categories it in some way.
• If each person organise the same knowledge, we might come up with wide variations depending on our understanding & perspective of the subject.
• To prevent the situation, ontologies were developed.
• Ontologies : so called 'knowledge map' where a vocabulary of terms and relationships are conceptualized to represent the knowledge.

Figure 7.3 Ontology & texonomies

• Ontology: An overall conceptualization.
• An ontology may have non-taxonomic conceptual relationships.
• Taxonomy: Scientifically based scheme of classification.
• Knowledge texonomies generate hierarchical classification of terms that are structures to show relationships between terms.
• Building ontologies manually:

         1) Identify purpose & scope.

         2) Build the ontology via a three-step process:-

             (a) ontology capture

             (b) ontology coding

             (c) integrate existing ontologies

         3) Evaluate ontologies.

         4) Document ontologies.

         5) Provide guidelines for previous phases.

• Concepts are extracted from raw data using variety mature techniques:

         - 'Part of speech' tagging
         - 'Word sense disambiguation'
         - 'Tokeniser'
         - 'Pattern matching'
         - Semi-automated generation with machine learning

3.1     INTEGRATING ONTOLOGIES

Figure 7.4 Ontology integration techniques

• The current approaches for integrating a number of ontologies:-

1. Reusing available ontologies linking different domains.
2. Aligning ontologies by establishing links between them through some form of translation function using agent technology.
3. Merging ontologies to create a single ontology.
4. Integrating ontologies through clustering on the basis of similarities.